GPAT 2020

Corynebacterium diphtheriae produces the SCHICK test toxin, used for diphtheria susceptibility testing in immunological studies.

Zigzag blenders offer efficient continuous mixing of solid powders by ensuring uniform blending through a unique, zigzagging motion and geometry.

Mefloquine, an antimalarial, contains two trifluoromethyl groups and is marketed as an R,S isomer.

Skraup synthesis forms quinoline using glycerol, aniline, sulfuric acid, and nitrobenzene as key reagents.

Under the D & C Act1940, the Second Schedule details the regulatory standards for drugs imported, manufactured, stored, and marketed within India.

Ethanol is an effective solvent for alkaloid extraction due to its polarity and solubility properties.

When colchicine is treated with mineral acids, it yields a yellow color, serving as a simple qualitative test to detect alkaloids in samples.

Teichoic acids are acidic polymers in Grampositive bacteria, contributing to cell wall integrity.

The weak acidity of warfarin is due to the hydroxyl proton at the 4th position of its coumarin ring, affecting ionization.

Both cardiac muscle and visceral smooth muscle exhibit autorhythmicity, generating spontaneous electrical impulses essential for maintaining rhythmic contractions in these tissues.

Clopidogrel effectively inhibits ADPinduced platelet aggregation by irreversibly blocking P2Y12 receptors, thereby significantly reducing thrombus formation and cardiovascular risk.

Lamotrigine blocks voltagegated sodium channels, stabilizing neuronal membranes and preventing seizure activity.

dTubocurarine competitively inhibits nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction, blocking acetylcholine binding and thereby causing skeletal muscle relaxation.

Epimers differ at a single chiral center, as seen in sugars like glucose and mannose.

Among renal osteodystrophies, secondary hypoparathyroidism is not included, while adynamic bone disease, osteomalacia, and mixed forms are recognized complications.

Castor oil, when mixed with ethanol, yields a clear solution that remains stable upon cooling, distinguishing it from other fixed oils in testing.

Type II glass is treated for high hydrolytic resistance, making it ideal for acidic and neutral aqueous pharmaceutical solutions.

The VogesProskauer test detects acetylmethylcarbinol, a fermentation product indicating bacterial metabolism.

The second law of thermodynamics states that spontaneous processes increase the entropy of the universe.

Riboflavin’s chemical name is 6,7dimethyl isoalloxazine, a key vitamin B2 component involved in metabolic reactions.

Nitration of quinoline produces a mixture of 5nitro and 8nitro derivatives due to electronic effects on the ring.

Invert sugar is a hydrolyzed mixture of glucose and fructose from sucrose, commonly used in food industries.

Saccharin is significantly sweeter than sucrose. This ratio indicates relative sweetness used in artificial sweeteners versus natural sugars.

Negative deviations from Raoult’s law occur when adhesive forces exceed cohesive forces, leading to reduced vapor pressure.

Aloe plants store mucilage in their central parenchymatous region, which is responsible for the soothing, hydrating properties used in various remedies.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a widely used yeast in biotechnology, serves as a host organism for recombinant synthesis of interferon and other therapeutic proteins.

Carbachol is less susceptible to hydrolysis than acetylcholine, making it more stable in pharmacological use.

The salt factor adjusts for molecular weight differences between a drug’s salt form and its free base.

The therapeutic range is between MEC and MSC, ensuring efficacy while avoiding toxicity in drug therapy.

Phospholipase is not considered a universal biochemical marker of death, unlike creatine kinase, lipase, and amylase which are used in forensic investigations.

Increasing the dispersed phase above 60% can lead to phase inversion in emulsions, altering stability.

Accuracy measures how close a measured value is to the true or accepted standard.

Staphylococcus aureus is coagulasepositive, aiding in distinguishing it from other Staphylococcus species.

Molar heat capacity quantifies the heat required to raise one mole’s temperature by one Kelvin, a fundamental thermodynamic property.

Phase III clinical trials enroll thousands of patients to confirm therapeutic effectiveness and safety, serving as the pivotal step before submitting a New Drug Application.

Sulphacetamide adopts an orthorhombic crystal structure, affecting its physical properties such as solubility and stability in pharmaceutical formulations.

Macrolides are biosynthesized by Actinomycetes, a group of filamentous bacteria known for producing a variety of antibiotic compounds effectively.

A silicon carbide rod serves as the Globar source in infrared spectrophotometers, providing consistent IR radiation.

Dragendorff’s reagent comprises potassium bismuth iodide and reacts with alkaloids to form visible precipitates, serving as a qualitative test in phytochemistry.

Less adhesive force at the liquidgas interface leads to surface tension effects influencing emulsification and wetting.

Adrenaline raises blood pressure via direct myocardial stimulation, increased heart rate, and peripheral vasoconstriction, while presynaptic alpha2 stimulation is not involved.

Meloxicam is classified as a preferential COX2 inhibitor, offering antiinflammatory benefits with reduced gastrointestinal side effects compared to nonselective NSAIDs.

Using the KillaniFischer synthesis, an aldopentose is converted to an aldohexose by controlled carbon chain extension through chemical reactions.

Isotonicity value indicates a solution’s colligative properties relative to body fluids for safe administration.

Cancer cells can produce oncoproteins independently, bypassing normal growth factor requirements, which contributes to their uncontrolled proliferation and malignancy.

Electron releasing groups stabilize free radicals by donating electron density via a positive inductive effect, thereby delocalizing unpaired electrons and reducing radical reactivity.

Arrhenius predictions fail when high temperature alters humidity and oxygen solubility, affecting degradation rates in pharmaceutical formulations.

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen found in warmblooded animals, causing infections in immunocompromised individuals.

Clinical features of graftversushost reaction include dermatitis, diarrhea, and systemic symptoms, but rheumatoid arthritis is not typically associated with this immune response.

Beckmann rearrangement involves migration of a group from carbon to the nitrogen center, converting oximes into amides.

Amiodarone increases the QT interval and decreases sinus rate by prolonging repolarization, while leaving the QRS complex largely unaffected in cardiac conduction.

Polymorphs differ in melting point, solubility, and Xray diffraction but share the same chemical composition.

Thallophytes are nondifferentiated plants that do not develop distinct roots, stems, or leaves, reflecting a primitive level of plant organization.

Osmotic diuretics work by increasing renal tubular osmolarity and are not carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, differentiating them from other diuretic classes.

Pyrogens in containers are destroyed by heating at 210°C for 4 hours, ensuring sterility in pharmaceutical packaging.

Commercial lakes of dyes typically contain up to 50% pure dye, used in pharmaceuticals and food coloring industries.

Drugs that do not meet the labeling requirements of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act1940 are deemed misbranded, indicating a violation of established regulatory guidelines.

In proton NMR spectroscopy, aldehydic protons usually appear in the chemical shift range of approximately 9.5 to 10.0 ppm, reflecting their deshielded nature.

Refractive index is a packing property, influencing molecular arrangement and optical characteristics of solidstate drugs.

Centistoke is a unit of kinematic viscosity, measuring fluid resistance to flow under gravitational force.

Nitric oxide is produced on demand, acting immediately as a gaseous messenger that diffuses rapidly to modulate vascular and neuronal signals.

Glycine lacks a chiral center, making it the only achiral amino acid without optical isomerism.

Burow’s solution is astringent aluminum acetate, used for skin irritation and wound healing.

Topical betaadrenergic blockers work by reducing aqueous humor production rather than decreasing its outflow, making this pairing incorrect in glaucoma management.

In the shikimic acid pathway, chorismate mutase converts chorismic acid into prephenate, an essential intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids.

A substance is very hygroscopic when weight increases above 0.2% under 80% RH, per European Pharmacopoeia guidelines.

SN2 mechanisms involve backside attack leading to a complete inversion of stereochemistry, known as Walden inversion, a hallmark of bimolecular substitution.

Nicotine, an oxygenfree liquid alkaloid, is extracted from tobacco and utilized for its pharmacological effects in both research and cessation products.

An electron moving through a 1volt potential difference expends 1 electron volt of energy, a fundamental energy unit in atomic physics.

Rheopexy describes gels forming faster under shear stress than at rest, affecting formulation stability.

Grave’s disease is a classic organspecific autoimmune disorder where autoantibodies stimulate the thyroid gland, causing hyperthyroidism and related systemic effects.

Nitrofurantoin's structure includes a 2nitro furan ring fused to an imidazole 2,4dione moiety, essential for its antimicrobial mechanism.

The Arrhenius equation describes the temperature dependence of viscosity, affecting reaction rates and fluid dynamics.

Ionpair transport facilitates drug absorption by forming neutral complexes that cross membranes.

Unlike crystalline solids, amorphous solids lack definite melting points and exhibit isotropic rather than anisotropic properties.

Colloid mills disperse coarse material through shearing forces in a narrow gap between rotating and stationary cones.

Schedule MII of GMP in India specifies factory requirements for cosmetic manufacturing to ensure compliance.

Propanone and 2hydroxypropene are tautomers, interconverting through proton transfer in equilibrium, demonstrating the dynamic nature of carbonyl compounds in solution.

Chlorthiazide raises serum calcium, depletes magnesium, and may cause hyperuricemia by reducing renal urate excretion.

Mastication involves chewing food with saliva, and deglutition is the subsequent swallowing process, together facilitating mechanical digestion and bolus formation.

The Mannich reaction is a condensation process where an active methylene compound, formaldehyde, and an amine combine to yield a βamino carbonyl product.

Gasliquid chromatography operates on the principle of partition chromatography, where analytes distribute between a gas mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase based on solubility.

Deuterioacetone, with its extensive deuteration, minimizes interfering proton signals, thereby providing a clear solvent background for highresolution NMR spectroscopy.

Human Serum Albumin has a molecular weight of approximately 65,000 Daltons, essential for drug binding and transport.

Halogenated inhalational anaesthetics open twopore domain K+ channels, inducing membrane hyperpolarization and significantly reducing neuronal excitability for effective anesthesia.

Pharmaceutical alternatives contain the same active moiety but differ in salt, ester, or complex form.

Lycopodium powder has high dustibility due to its fine particle size and low density.

Creatinine clearance closely estimates GFR, helping assess kidney function in clinical diagnostics.

Rosacea predominantly affects adults between 30 and 60 years, presenting with facial flushing, persistent redness, and inflammatory lesions in clinical cases.

The displacement value of morphine hydrochloride is ignored in suppository calculations due to its formulation properties.

Metabolic acidosis results from excessive acid production; when lactic acid formation is minimal, the acidbase balance remains maintained, preventing acidosis.

In yam, inadequate combing during processing results in irregular fiber alignment with projecting ends, contributing to the product’s rough texture and appearance.

Gelatin’s Bloom strength measures molecular weight and crosslinking, affecting capsule formation and mechanical properties.

According to the D and C Act definitions, Gudakhu, applied to teeth, is classified as a cosmetic due to its intended nontherapeutic use.

Soil composition is not a primary factor in pharmaceutical plant location compared to market, labor, and raw material availability.

Homoeopathy is based on the Law of Similia, which posits that substances causing symptoms in healthy individuals can treat similar symptoms in the sick.

Long bones comprise the diaphysis, epiphyses, and periosteum, while trabeculae are features of cancellous, or spongy, bone rather than the main structure.

Coprostanol is formed from cholesterol metabolism by gut bacteria, contributing to sterol composition in fecal matter.

Ion trapping occurs when pH differences across membranes cause drugs to accumulate in compartments based on ionization.

Mitomycin C is derived from Streptomyces caespitosus and is used as an anticancer antibiotic.

Violin gut is obtained from sheep intestines, processed into strings used in musical instruments due to elasticity and durability.

When a proton associates with water molecules, it forms the hydronium ion (H3O+), a critical species in acidbase equilibrium in aqueous solutions.

During myocardial infarction, biochemical changes include glycogen loss, calcium influx, and lactic acid increase, while sodium levels do not typically decrease.

Hypertonic solutions cause crenation (shrinkage) of cells due to water loss; this effect is reversible with rehydration.

Ludipress is a coprocessed excipient composed of lactose monohydrate, Kollidon 30, and Kollidon CL, enhancing flowability in formulations.

According to Ayurvedic principles, 'Rasa' denotes the taste of an herb, a key attribute that is thought to influence its medicinal efficacy.

Electrondonating groups (NH2, OH) stabilize carbocations by resonance, facilitating electrophilic aromatic substitution.

Cotrimoxazole is contraindicated in pregnancy due to fetal risks associated with its trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole components.

In 1994, India signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade incorporating TRIPS, marking a significant shift in its international trade and patent policies.

R.N. Chopra was the chairman of the 1927 Drugs Enquiry Committee, significantly influencing the evolution of drug regulation in India.

In PCR, the denaturation cycle is performed at 90–98°C to effectively break hydrogen bonds and separate doublestranded DNA into single strands for amplification.

ISO 9002 outlines quality system requirements for production, installation, and servicing processes, providing a framework to ensure consistent quality and regulatory compliance.

Opioid receptors include mu, kappa, and delta; gamma is not recognized as an opioid receptor subtype.

General purpose sodalime glass is unsuitable for parenteral formulations due to potential reactivity and leaching, compromising the sterility and stability of injectable drugs.

Fluoride reduces the acid solubility of tooth enamel by promoting remineralization, thereby enhancing resistance to dental caries formation.

In respiratory tuberculosis, the lungs, pleura, and mediastinal lymph nodes are affected, whereas the pericardium is generally spared in the infection process.

DMSO enhances skin penetration by denaturing proteins, increasing drug permeability through the stratum corneum in topical formulations.

The principle of liquidliquid extraction is partitioning, where solutes distribute between two immiscible liquids based on their relative solubility in each phase.

Fungal cytosine deaminase converts 5fluorocytosine into 5fluorouracil, activating the drug’s antifungal properties by interfering with nucleic acid synthesis.

Mass spectrophotometry is used to analyze drug distribution patterns in biological samples with high sensitivity.